Tuesday, December 29, 2015

Rape regulations: ISIS laws on 'proper' sex slave treatment revealed

from rt.com


Published time: 29 Dec, 2015 20:45
© Ibraheem Abu Mustafa
The Islamic State terrorist group has attempted to codify the sexual relations between its fighters and women they capture, by issuing a special ruling on when it’s OK to rape a female slave.
"fatwa," which is what a learned interpretation of the Islamic law is called, was released by Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) in late January as “some of the brothers have committed violation in the matter of treatment of the female slaves. These violations are not permitted by Sharia law because these rules have not been dealt with in ages.”
“Are there any warnings pertaining to this matter?” the authors of the document wondered.
The ruling, which was among a batch of terrorist papers obtained by the US Special Operations Forces during a raid in Syria in May, was viewed by Reuters.
In the fatwa, the enslaved women and children of the infidels have been called “one of the graces which Allah have bestowed” upon the Islamic State.
According to the UN, the jihadists have abducted thousands of women and girls as young as 12 years old, selling them as sex slaves or giving to own militants as rewards.
The IS theologians from the Committee of Research and Fatwas have come up with over a dozen rules, which the fighters are to follow in order to make their sexual practices comply with the group’s laws.
The fatwa forbids the owners of female slaves to have intercourse with the woman during menstrual cycle.
Sexual contact with a pregnant captive carrying a child is also forbidden, with the document stressing that “it’s not permissible to cause her to abort if she’s pregnant.”
“If the owner of a female captive, who has a daughter suitable for intercourse, has sexual relations with the latter, he is not permitted to have intercourse with her mother and she is permanently off limits to him,” the paper said.
According to the ruling, a fighter who owns two sisters, could only have intercourse with one of them.
The father is restricted from engaging in sexual relations with a slave owned by his son and vice versa, the fatwa No. 64, dated January 29, 2015, said.
Joint owners of a female captive are both banned from intercourse with her as she is viewed as "part of a joint ownership."
The slave owners were also instructed to “show compassion towards her (female captive), be kind to her, not humiliate her, and not assign her work she is unable to perform."
The women shouldn’t be sold to individuals about whom it’s known that they’ll mistreat the female slave, the fatwa concluded.
The document was among a number of bizarre rulings by Islamic State, which recently became available to the press.
One of the fatwas, for example, justified harvesting organs from infidels in order to save the life a Muslim.
"The apostate's life and organs don't have to be respected and may be taken with impunity," it said.

Friday, December 25, 2015

Sperm Count: The Origin of Consciousness in the Advent of Oral Sex

from huffpost.com



Posted: Updated: 



Julian Jaynes wrote a famous tome The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Essentially Jaynes was trying to shorten the time line and show that human consciousness is a relatively new phenomenon having first started to be evidenced only three or four thousand years ago. Jaynes might have benefited from using a simple litmus test which would have helped him to pinpoint the exact point in the evolutionary ladder where consciousness started to appear by examining the advent of fellatio. Giving or getting a blowjob is an act that has both physical and cultural significance, in that it has to do with tool using rather than tool making and reflects that stage in development where the ancestors of man began to demonstrate prehensile abilities. You can't really give a blowjob, for instance, until you are able to hold a penis in your hand, which may explain the evolutionary significance of homo erectus. Experienced metrosexuals realize, of course, that a latter day hunter gatherer not only has to be able to stand up on his or her two feet, but most have good posture when he or she is out to hunt and gather in bars or parties. While cunnilingus can be accomplished without the prehensile ability, it similarly reflects a cultural transformation in which the palette is increased by the use of the palate. If you have ever gone to the ape house in a zoo you'll notice that outside the lusty bonobo, there aren't too many primates male or female who show the ability or interest in going down on that part of the body that has the name of a baby cat. Jaynes should have capitalized on his success with The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind by writing a sequel entitled The Origin of Consciousness in the Advent of Oral Sex.
{This was originally posted to The Screaming Pope, Francis Levy's blog of rants and reactions to contemporary politics, art and culture}


Tuesday, December 22, 2015

The Science Of Infidelity: Why Women Are More Likely To Cheat On Men

from elitedaily.com




 Tumblr


Okay, I know you might be outraged, but just stay with me for a minute.
New research shows women may be more likely to be the culprits of infidelity than men.
It’s not that women are more likely to cheat than men per se, but biologically and genetically, we possess different features that vary our behaviors.
This research is colossal because ideologically, we tend to assume men are the more likely culprits due evolutionary implications.
From a “survival of the fittest perspective,” it makes slightly more sense that they would spread their seed to as many women as possible.
Women, on the other hand, don’t share this evolutionary ideology, and are more so on the opposite spectrum: supposedly choosing most carefully a mate who we believe could provide and take care of us, although this obviously isn’t always the case.
Despite this, women may be more prone to cheat instead due to their hormones and genes. Richard Friedman lets us in on this secret in his op-ed, “Infidelity Lurks in Your Genes.”
The key word is vasopressin. Women who carry a type of genetic mutation in the receptor for this hormone are more likely to engage in infidelity, so maybe it’s not their fault?
The suggestion is carried by a recent study by a psychologist, Brendan P. Zietsch, at the University of Queensland, Australia.
Dr. Zietsch examined the link between promiscuity and the receptor genes of important hormones, like vasopressin and oxytocin.
Ever heard of oxytocin? If not, look it up, or better yet, read Louann Brizendine’s “The Female Brain.” It will clue you in on exactly how our bodies and brains work for us ladies.
But, back to oxytocin, it’s like the mitochondria of our feelings or, in other words, it’s really goddamn powerful.
It’s a hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and essentially increases our drive to romantically pair up.
It’s released on many occasions, but most evidently during sex. Vasopressin is another hormone, similar in nature, which has a great force on social behaviors associated with bonding, like trust, empathy and, of course, hooking up.
In his study, Dr. Zietsch examined the link between the wandering eye and variations in the oxytocin and vasopressin receptor genes in thousands of people who had been in a relationship for at least a year.
Why? Because mutations of the vasopressin receptor could also mutate one’s own sexual behavior.
Through the study, he found 6.4 percent of women, compared to 9.8 percent of men that year, had two or more sexual partners.
The caveat is Zietsch’s study discovered there was an association between five different variants of the vasopressin receptor gene, which was only found in women who participated in infidelity.
Thus, we ask, does this mean 40 percent of women who partake in a variation of infidelity can blame their genes?
For years, we’ve know how oxytocin and vasopressin are associated with relationships, both found in the opposite end of the infidelity pool.
Oxytocin is the reason one-night stands for women tend to be more difficult.
The hormone supplies emotional bonding, AKA feelings, so when women have sex, we release loads of it. Annoying, right?
This is why more often, women have sex with specific partners and biologically, we’ll want more than sex.
Another study from Hasse Walum at the Karolinska Institutet (Institute) in Stockholm found that in women, there is strong association between one variation of an oxytocin receptor gene and marital antagonism, or lack of fondness for one’s partner.
Similarly in men, this same predicament (of a lower marital discord) occurs, but in regard to a variation of the vasopressin receptor.
It is plausible though, even when conducting studies in animals. When looking at voles, a type of rodent, Dr. Thomas R. Insel found vasopressin acted differently in different species.
While the species are both related, montane voles tend to be more sexually promiscuous, and prairie voles are more of the monogamous type.
This means montane voles are likely to leave your place before breakfast while the prairie vole try to put a ring on it.
When looking at the way vasopressin responded in each of these species, Dr. Insel found vasopressin receptors lit up in completely different areas of the brain, which in turn, caused vastly different effects on behavior.
For prairie voles, their vasopressin receptors live close to the reward center of the brain, yet the montane voles’ receptors are located in the amygdala, which is linked to the ability to process anxiety and fear.
So, what does this mean for women? It may mean women have a higher likelihood to cheat if they possess these mutated vasopressin genes, but we know this cannot be the sole cause.
For one, we know there are tons of reasons that contribute to infidelity, many of which haven’t even been scientifically measured.
The study does emphasize the power hormones have on our behaviors, which often are misunderstood and underestimated.
Granted, I am by no means advocating everyone go out and attempt to get their genes tested, but I do believe it’s important that men and women actively seek to find more about their hormones and how they affect our choices and responses in relationships.
At the end of the day, this study will never negate the different reasons men and women engage in infidelity, whether it be socially, emotionally or physically.




Thursday, December 17, 2015

Confessions of an orgy addict

from nypost


Confessions of an orgy addict
Kinky threesome dating app 3nder — pronounced “Thrinder” to rhyme with “Tinder” — is going gangbusters after it recently raised $500,000 in funding from a pair of mystery investors. New York is 3nder’s second-biggest market behind California, and it’s particularly popular with millennials. Here, 27-year-old art student and 3nder user Melissa, who asked for her last name not to be published for professional reasons, tells Jane Ridley about her wild ride on the app, which connects both singles and couples looking for group sex.
Tip-toeing towards the bathroom, I try not to wake up the two guys, Matt and Andre, sleeping soundly in the king-sized bed where the three of us have just had sex.
After a wild night of drinking at a bar, we wound up at the Upper East Side townhouse where Matt lives and, let’s just say, made each other very happy.
For five crazy months between August and December 2014, I was a 3nder “unicorn” — an unattached female user of the trendy dating app that matches people seeking threesomes or more.
We’re called unicorns because, like the mythical animal, we’re pretty rare. Studies say the average single woman shies away from group sex, but there’s a small but growing minority of fast-living millennial girls who can’t get enough of it.
3nder is a gift for anyone like me who wouldn’t be caught dead on Craigslist. Just likeTinder, you log on via Facebook and are presented with pictures and profiles of choice people in your area. You swipe to the right if you’re interested, or to the left if you’re not. Then you can exchange texts and phone numbers. It’s an easy way to find both couples and singles.
I joined 3nder when I arrived in Manhattan from my native England for a trimester studying in the States. I’d just broken up with my boyfriend — a complete jerk — so it was my way of giving him the finger. Besides, I didn’t know anyone in New York and thought it would be a good way of making new friends, both male and female. I was miles away from home and all about experimentation.
At first, since I was a novice, I started meeting up with just single guys such as Matt, a twenty-something Harvard-educated Internet entrepreneur from the Upper East Side, and his stockbroker friend Andre. They were both straight and we were planning a foursome with my friend who was visiting from the UK. But she lost her nerve at the last minute so it ended up being just me and the two men.
It was a fantastic, freeing experience that opened up other opportunities for me to satisfy my curiosity and sleep with women, including other unicorns. Matt was the heir to his family’s fortune and loved to organize boozy orgies at luxury hotels in Manhattan, such as The Standard.
For five crazy months, I was a 3nder “unicorn” — an unattached female user of the trendy dating app that matches people seeking threesomes or more.
But the one I enjoyed best was held at The Doubletree in Chelsea where we had a “six-way” — four women and two men. I helped Matt set up a table of wine and vodka to get people in the mood. Then it was down to it. I only had intercourse with Andre, but did a lot of foreplay with the other women. Everyone had great bodies and super-sharp minds. They were all professionals like me — an art historian, a graphic artist and a web designer, for example. Far from being seedy, it felt exciting to break with convention and have sex with whomever we wanted.
After that, I went to about five “meetings,” as we euphemistically called them, which Matt hosted with other 3nder users. I also had sex outside of Matt’s circle with outgoing girls and guys whom I can only describe as being “broad-minded” like me — once with a 30-year-old woman whose husband was supposed to join us, but couldn’t make it because he was sent out of town on business. We always were safe and used condoms.
Since I returned to London in December last year, I’ve used 3nder occasionally but have never had sex with anyone through it. Nobody I met was anywhere near the same caliber as New Yorkers. In Manhattan, my partners included lawyers, CEOs, investment bankers or owners of start-ups. In London, the men — women were very few and far between — were universally creepy.
Now I have a steady boyfriend so I’m back to being monogamous. But I know he wouldn’t object to having another woman in the mix at some point. So hopefully I’ll be swiping right on 3nder soon.
FILED UNDER         

Wednesday, November 18, 2015

Friday, November 6, 2015

Colorado Students Caught Trading Nude Photos by the Hundreds

from nytimes



By KATIE ROGERSNOV. 6, 2015



Students in Cañon City, Colo., could face criminal charges after an investigation found they were trading hundreds of nude pictures of themselves and other teenagers on their phones using special apps to keep the images secret, the schools superintendent said Friday.
The investigation began on Monday, and officials at Cañon City High School determined that students had been circulating between 300 and 400 illicit photos involving at least 100 students, said George Welsh, the superintendent of the Cañon City School District. Some of the students in the photos were eighth graders, and several of the students who possessed the pictures were members of the school’s football team, Mr. Welsh said.
Capt. Jim Cox of the Cañon City Police Department said Friday that no arrests had been made in the case.
Mr. Welsh said that the students had been using a “photo vault” app on their phones to hide activity from parents and teachers. The app looks like a calculator. After questioning the students, school officials and parents were able to figure out how the app worked and unlock the photos, but not without some fumbling around.
“I do believe one of our high school assistant principals was familiar with this particular app,” Mr. Welsh said. School officials and parents made the students divulge their passwords.
The photo vault apps have been available for Apple and Android phones for years and are the subject of many blog posts seeking to help adults understand how children conceal material on their phones.
Mr. Welsh, who arrived at Cañon City from another Colorado district four months ago, said that many school officials had not been “very good at targeting what’s appropriate with personal use” when it comes to students’ devices. The high school has about 1,000 students in grades 9 through 12, in a district with about 3,800.
Mr. Welsh could not say how many students were involved in the photo-sharing ring. But officials were able to determine that some photos had been taken on school property, in a locker room. The school canceled the football game scheduled for this weekend. The decision was made after football coaches said they could not confidently put players from the 45-player varsity squad on the field without knowing how many students had been involved, Mr. Welsh said.
As in many small towns, high school football is important to the city of 16,000. The decision to cancel the game and put the 100-student program out of commission was not easy, he said. “Had we won,” he said, “we would’ve tied for the league championship and had a real good chance to go on to the state playoffs.”
Mr. Welsh said that several students had been suspended, but would not say how many or if they were affiliated with the football team. No students have been expelled, he said. Officials were still trying to determine if the photo-sharing involved coercion or intimidation.
In a statement posted on Facebook on Wednesday, the school said the investigation had stemmed from student reports and a tip left with Colorado’s Safe2Tell program, which allows students to anonymously report threatening behavior. Students have said that the photo-sharing was widespread and occurred over a long period of time. Mr. Welsh questioned that claim, though he did say that authorities were still investigating.
“The total scope of this is not out there,” he said. “It’s possible that even as large as it is, all we’ve got is the tip of the iceberg.” It is probably a nationwide problem affecting other schools, he said.
The statement from the school district said that the Fremont County district attorney, Thom Ledoux, would be assessing whether to bring charges. Police officials are trying to determine if any adults were involved, and to find out if students were coerced to pose for any of the photos, the district said. Mr. Welsh said that he had “no indication” that any adults or teachers were involved, or that any of the photo-sharing occurred on school devices.
After the news broke, parents turned out in large numbers Thursday night at a community meeting with school and law enforcement officials. Some asked if their children could face criminal charges for sending a photo, as opposed to keeping or distributing the material. Mr. Ledoux told them that an underage student who sent an illicit photo could be liable, as could someone who kept the picture or sent it to someone else, Mr. Welsh said.
The superintendent said that the district attorney would evaluate the material on a case-by-case basis.
“I don’t think he wants to prosecute 100 kids for a class 3 felony,” Mr. Welsh said. The authorities, he said, would “deal with childhood mistakes as childhood mistakes, and deal with real cruelty as such.”

Sunday, October 18, 2015

Behaviorism

from simplypsychology.org




Behaviorist Approach

by  twitter icon published, updated 2013
Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis:
* Psychology should be seen as a science. Theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observation and measurement of behavior. Watson (1913) stated that “psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is … prediction and control” (p. 158).

* Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Observable (i.e. external) behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether).

* People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior

* When born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).

* There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore, research can be carried out on animals as well as humans (i.e. comparative psychology.

* Behavior is the result of stimulus – response (i.e. all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association). Watson described the purpose of psychology as: “To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction” (1930, p. 11).

* All behavior is learnt from the environment. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. 

Varieties of Behaviorism

Historically, the most significant distinction between versions of behaviorism is that between Watson's original classical behaviorism, and forms of behaviorism later inspired by his work, known collectively as neobehaviorism.
In his book, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It Watson (1913, p. 158) outlines the principles of all behaviorists:
Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.

The History of Behaviorism

Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs.
* Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology (classical conditioning), publishing an article, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It".
Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned an orphan called Albert B (aka Little Albert) to fear a white rat.
Thorndike (1905) formalized the "Law of Effect".
Skinner (1936) wrote "The Behavior of Organisms" and introduced the concepts of operant conditioning and shaping.
* Clark Hull’s (1943) Principles of Behavior was published.
* B.F. Skinner (1948) published Walden Two, in which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.
Bandura (1963) publishes a book called the "Social Leaning Theory and Personality development" which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.
* Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (begun in 1958).
* B.F. Skinner (1971) published his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, where he argues that free will is an illusion.

Behaviorism Summary

Key FeaturesMethodology
Basic AssumptionsAreas of Application
  • Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner.
  • Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking.
  • Behavior is the result of stimulus – response (i.e. all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response features).
  • Behavior is determined by the environment (e.g. conditioning).
StrengthsLimitations
  • Scientific
  • Highly applicable (e.g. therapy)
  • Emphasizes objective measurement
  • Many experiments to support theories
  • Identified comparisons between animals (Pavlov) and humans (Watson & Rayner - Little Albert)
  • Ignores mediational processes
  • Ignores biology (e.g. testosterone)
  • Too deterministic (little free-will)
  • Experiments – low ecological validity
  • Humanism – can’t compare animals to humans
  • Reductionist

Critical Evaluation

An obvious advantage of behaviorism is its ability to clearly define behavior and to measure changes in behavior. According to the law of parsimony, the fewer assumptions a theory makes, the better and the more credible it is. Behaviorism, therefore, looks for simple explanations of human behavior from a very scientific standpoint.
However, Humanism (e.g. Carl Rogers) rejects the scientific method of using experiments to measure and control variables because it creates an artificial environment and has low ecological validity.
Humanistic psychology also assumes that humans have free will (personal agency) to make their own decisions in life and do not follow the deterministic laws of science.
Humanism also rejects the nomothetic approach of behaviorism as they view humans as being unique and believe humans cannot be compared with animals (who aren’t susceptible to demand characteristics). This is known as an idiographic approach.
The psychodynamic approach (Freud) criticizes behaviorism as it does not take into account the unconscious mind’s influence on behavior, and instead focuses on externally observable behavior. Freud also rejects that idea that people are born a blank slate (tabula rasa) and states that people are born with instincts (e.g. eros and thanatos).
Biological psychology states that all behavior has a physical / organic cause. They emphasize the role of nature over nurture. For example, chromosomes and hormones (testosterone) influence our behavior too, in addition to the environment.
Cognitive psychology states that mediational processes occur between stimulus and response, such asmemory, thinking, problem solving etc.
Despite these criticisms behaviorism has made significant contributions to psychology. These include insights into learning, language development, and moral and gender development, which have all been explained in terms of conditioning.
The contribution of behaviorism can be seen in some of its practical applications. Behavior therapy andbehavior modification represent one of the major approaches to the treatment of abnormal behavior and are readily used in clinical psychology.

References

Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Pavlov, I. P. (1897). The work of the digestive glands. London: Griffin.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden two. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Knopf.
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-178.
Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism (revised edition). University of Chicago Press.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1, pp. 1–14.

How to cite this article:

McLeod, S. A. (2013). Behaviorist Approach. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

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Comments (20)

+20
Ashkan's avatar
Ashkan· 160 weeks ago
I'm working on a project about psychology of text and behaviorism and this article is really good. Thanks. I will definitely have this article in the list of my references.
1 reply · active 75 weeks ago
+15
Zakumi's avatar
Zakumi· 156 weeks ago
Doing an assignment at the moment about developement, cant seem to understand this subject much.. This cleared up alot for me :) Thanks Saul
+8
Amit's avatar
Amit· 144 weeks ago
Excellent source of valuable information for someone who is new to the subject.
+3
Kathryn's avatar
Kathryn· 139 weeks ago
Thanks so much Psychology is a FANTASTIC subject.... thanks to the authors of this website :D 
P.s HAPPY VALENTINES DAY
+1
Trip's avatar
Trip· 129 weeks ago
Seems like most people including the writer of this article don't understand behaviorism completely. The animal tests were examples, and the environment programs peoples chemical responses. Modern behaviorist take into account that people aren't born as blank slates but what they are is based on environmental conditioning of the parents and the fetus' genetic information. It's not all direct stimulus response but also chemical response. We are all environment, our 'Free will' is programmed by events in our past and ideas adopted from other people in the environment, and how our chemical biology responds to stimulus. Looks like most psychologists over-simplify behaviorist theory so people can continue to think free will exists, it doesn't, it's just a complicated program due to the social and chemical stimulus in your environment.
2 replies · active 5 weeks ago
0
Boris's avatar
Boris· 118 weeks ago
I must again mention the misconceptions about B.F. Skinners work and widely promoted opinion about his view on genetically preretirement human behaivor. Concretely the “Tabula Rasa” approach. 
Many academics and scientist in different fields for example biology and psychology and of course many scientific papers and scholars are teaching misconceptions about B.F.Skinner and Behaviorism. 
These misconceptions are: that the organism is a Tabula Rasa and that Behaviorism and B.F. Skinner refuse genetically preretirement behaviour in terms of the evolution of the species. 
One of the main characteristic and principles on which the Beahviorism is based is the selective action of that environment during the evolution of the species. 
The other misconception widely used when talking about Behaviorism is that it refuses the existence of mental processes. The Behaviorism only considers these processes as by-products of environmental causation and as empirically not proven.
-7
harry's avatar
harry· 108 weeks ago
guys what is the difference between someone with a superego and ego
+5
Sam's avatar
Behaviourism does not reduce behaviour to S-R associations! That is only the case of a minor part of a person's repertoire and is the essence of Classical Conditioning. To explain the majority of an organism's (including humans) behaviour, we need to consider the consequences of behaviour, a key aspect of Operant Conditioning.
+2
June's avatar
June· 104 weeks ago
This is great! Working on a HUGE paper on the development of behaviorism and this was very helpful. Will definitely be citing this source in my paper. Thanks!